Torgeir Fyhri 1998

The Gambia: 
The Complexity of Modernising the Agricultural Sector in Africa

References

A    B    C    D    E    F    G    H    I    J    K    L    M    N   O    P    Q    R    S    T    U    V    W    X    Y    Z

Contents

References
Abbreviations

OTHER CHAPTERS
Contents
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
CHAPTER 2: Methodical Considerations
CHAPTER 3: Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER 4: Introducing The Gambian Agricultural Sector
CHAPTER 5: The Development of the Agriculture Sector 1983-96
CHAPTER 6: Responses to household Constraints and Farm Risk
CHAPTER 7: Testing of hypotheses and Theoretical Discussion
CHAPTER 8: Concluding Remarks
REFERENCES
APPENDIX - Interviews conducted in villages around Farafenni

REFERENCES:

Ahmed, , Bingsten, Munoz,, Vashishtha,
(1992) Poverty in the Gambia, International Labour office, Geneva.

Akinboade, Oludele A.
(1994) "Agricultural policies and performance in the Gambia," in Journal of Asian and African Studies, vol. 29, no. 1-2, p. 36-64.

Alimi, Nezrabshah D.
(1990) Determination of favourable crop planting dates and rainfall probability in The Gambia, (publ. by MWRFF), Banjul.

Andersen, Hans Petter
(1994) Local resource utilization in rural Uganda: A study of land use intensification and landscape ecological changes in Budondo Sub-County, (Ressurs- og miljøgeografi, Serie A, no. 6, publ. by Resource Geography Group, Dept. of Geography), University of Oslo.

Aubee, Ernest R.
(1996) Agricultural tranformation of The Gambia. A quest for sustainable develpoment: The African American contribution, Banjul.

Barbier, Edward B.
(1987) Cash crops, food crops and agricultural sustainability, in Gatekeeper Series no. 22 (publ. by International Institute for Environment and Development), London.

Beverly, Reuben B.
(1991) GARD Report #68. GARD in the gardens: Supporting horticultural production research in The Gambia, Banjul?

Bobb, Tamsir et.al
(1994) Tenure and resource management in The Gambia: A case study of Upper Baddibu District, (publ. by USAID/The Gambia), Madison.

Bojang, Foday
(1996) Community based natural resources management in The Gambia, Banjul.

Boserup, E.
(1965) The conditions of agricultural growth, London

(1981) Population and technology, Oxford

Braun, Joachim von
(1989) Irrigation technology and commercialization of rice in The Gambia, (publ. by IFPRI), Washington DC.

Braun, Joachim von & Puetz, Detlev
(1988) "Micro-level issues: Costs of rice production, competition with other crops, consumption, and nutrition effects" in Policy issues for rice development in The Gambia, (by IFPRI & PPMU), p. 7-24, Washington DC.


Braun, J. von & Webb, P.J.R.
(1989) "The impact of new crop technology on the agricultural dicision of labour in a West African setting (i.e. the Gambia)," in Economic Development and Cultural Change, vol. 37, no. 3, p. 513-534.

Brooks, George E.
(1975) Peanuts and colonialism: Consequences of the commercialisation of peanuts in West Africa, 1830-70, in Journal of African History, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 29-54.

Canteh, M.B.S. & Sanyang, S.
(1996) Local studies on integrated pest management in The Gambia, (DAS), Banjul.

Carney, Judith A.
(1986) The social history of Gambian rice production: an analysis of food security strategies. PhD thesis, Michigan State University, Ann Arbour.

(1988) Struggles over land and crops in an irrigated rice scheme: The Gambia, in Jean Davidson (ed.) Agriculture, women and land: The African experience, Boulder & London.

(1993) Converting the wetlands, engendering the environment: The intersection of gender with agrarian change in The Gambia, in Economic Geography, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 329-48.

Carr, B. & Sarr, B.
(1994) Assessment of impact of CFAF devaluation and other trade impediments on The Gambia's reexport trade. Final report, Banjul.

CFTFR
(1986) Gambia: Study of rural women's access to agricultural extension and credit services, London?

CILSS
(1996) Agricultural production systems in The Gambia, Banjul?

Corbett, J.
(1988) "Famine and houshold coping strategies" in World Development, vol. 16, no. 9, pp 1099-1112.

CSD
(1989) Population and housing census 1983. Volume 2: Housing and household characteristics, Banjul.

(1994a) 1993 Household Economic Survey report. The Gambia, Banjul.

DeCosse, Phillip J.
(1992) Structural change in Gambian agriculture: Stagnation or silent transformation?, Banjul.

DeCosse, Phillip J. & Camara, Ebrima
(1990) A profile of the horticultural production sector in The Gambie, Serrekunda.

Dery, Bruno B.
(1996) Ecological recycling of organic waste for manure and fuel in rural Africa: A case study of biogas and compost production in Nandom, North-Western Ghana, (Ressurs- og miljøgeografi, Serie A, no. 10, publ. by Resource Geography Group, Dept. of Geography), University of Oslo.

Dey, Jennie
(1981) Gambian women: Unequal partners in rice development projects? in Journal of Development Studies, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 109-22.

(1982) "Development planning in The Gambia: The gap between planners' and farmers' perceptions, expectations and objectives," in World development, vol. 10, nr. 5, p. 377-96.

Diallo, Ibrahima
(1991) The introduction of row seeding technique in the traditional rice farming system of The Gambia, Ann Arbour.

DoP
(1990a) 1989/90 National agricultural sample survey (NASS) report. Final report: Agricultural production in The Gambia, 1989/90, Banjul.

(1995a) Key information on agriculture & natural resources in the Gambia. Compiled & prepared by M. Kyaw & K. Win, Banjul.

(1995b) 1994/95 National agricultural sample survey (NASS) report, Banjul.

(1996) 1995/96 National agricultural sample survey (NASS) report, Banjul.

DPP
(1985) Farafennni physical development plan, Banjul.

(1988) Farafennni physical development plan: Revised draft, Banjul.

Dumbuya, Fasainey O.
(1994) Decentralization and natural resource management in The Gambia, (publ. by the MNR), Banjul.

Dunsmore, J.R. et.al.
(1976) The agricultural development of The Gambia: An agricultural, environmental and socioeconomic analysis. Vol. 1 & 2, (Land Resource Study 22, publ. by Ministry of Overseas Development, Land Resources Division ), London.

DWR
(1993) Sectoral consultations on natural resources and the environment: Climate and Water Resources, Banjul.

Eastman, Clyde
(1987) The cold hard realities of agricultural development.Mixed farming technical report No. 9. Gambian mixed farming and resource management project, Banjul.

Edberg, Etienne
(1983) Guide til naturen i Gambia (2. ed.), Stockholm.

FAO
(1995b) Statistical country profile. Gambia 1985 - 1994, Accra.

FAO & MoA
(1985) The coarse grain industry of The Gambia, Banjul.

FERAP
(1996) Study on agro-food sectors in the Sahel, Banjul?

Freudenberger, Mark S.
(1993a) Rural tenure and natural resources project. Summary of progress to date and tentative research findings. Madison.

(1993b) Tenure and natural resources in The Gambia, Madison.

Gambia, Republic of The
(1987a) Agricultural inputs subsector programme, (presented at the Conference of Donors on Agriculture), Banjul.

(1987b) Executive summary of the medium-term agriculture sector policy, (presented at the Conference of Donors on Agriculture), Banjul.

(1991) Livestock sector review 1991, Banjul.

(1993a) Population Census 1993, Banjul.

(1996a) Country position paper for the world food summit, Banjul.

(1996b) The Gambia Incorporated...Vivsion 2020, Banjul.

Gambia, Rep. of The, UNSO & DANIDA
(1984) Study of efficient utilization of agricultural by-products as domestic fuel in The Gambia, Banjul?

Gjessing, Just
(1995) Ressursgeografiske perspektiver; fagnotat, (Ressurs- og miljøgeografi, Serie B, no. 2, publ. by Resource Geography Group, Dept. of Geography), University of Oslo.

(1996) Fagnotat: Modeller og systemer; noen fagbetraktninger, (Ressurs- og miljøgeografi, Serie B, no. 5, publ. by Resource Geography Group, Dept. of Geography), University of Oslo.

Gjessing, Just & Trolldalen, Jon Martin
(1993) Forskningsprosess og metode i ressursgeografi, (Ressurs- og miljøgeografi, Serie B, no. 1, publ. by Resource Geography Group, Dept. of Geography), University of Oslo.

Gleave, M.B.
(1992) "The African condition: An overview," in M.B. Gleave (ed.) Tropical African Development: Geographical perspectives, Harlow.

Goodall, Brian
(1987) The penguin dictionary of human geography, London

Grigg, David
(1993) The world food problem, 2nd edition, Oxford.

(1995) An introduction to agricultural geography, 2nd edition, London.

Haswell, Margaret
(1991) Population and change in a Gambian rural community, 1947-1987, in M. Haswell & D. Hunt (eds.) Rural households in emerging societies: Technology and change in sub-Saharan Africa, Oxford.

Hinderink, J. & Sterkenburg, J.J.
(1987) Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa, London & New York.

Holme, I. M. & Solvang, B.K
(1991) Metodevalg og metodebruk, Kristiansand

Holt-Jensen
(1990) Geografiens innhold og metoder, Oslo

(1991) "The art of the mappable" in Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, vol. 45, pp.173-181.

(1996) "Achievements of spatial science," in R. Hagget et. al. (eds.) (1996) Companion encyclopedia of geography, London

Hornby, A.S
(1985) Oxford Students Dictionary of Current English, Oxford

Hyden, Goran
(1988) "Beyond hunger in Africa - breaking the spell of mono-culture," in R. Cohen (ed.) Satisfying Africa's food needs: Food production and commercialization in African agriculture, Boulder.

IFAD
(1992) The Gambia Agricultural Services Project: Appraisal report, Rome?

(1995a) Gambia Lowland Agriculture Development Programme: Appraisal report vol. I: Main report & annexes, Rome?

(1995b) Gambia Lowland Agriculture Development Programme: Appraisal report vol. II: Working papers, Rome?

Itty, P. (et.al.)
(1993) "Economies of village production of N´Dama cattle in the Gambia," in Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 293-307.

Jabara, Cathy L.
(1990) Economic reform and poverty in The Gambia: A survey of a pre- and post-ERP experience,(publ. by Food and Nutrition Program, Cornell University), Ithaca.

Jagne, Ibrahima Cherno
(1994) Internal migration in The Gambia: An empirical analysis of the movements of rural people to the metropolitan town of Serre-Kunda, (publ. by the Dept. of Geography), University of Bergen.

Johm, Ken B.
(1988a) "Production and consumption trends and theory implications" in Policy issues for rice development in The Gambia, (by IFPRI & PPMU), p. 33-43, Washington DC.

(1988b) Women, credit and agricultural production in The Gambia, DOP, Banjul.

(1992) Food security in The Gambia, Banjul/Cotonou.

(1996a) Ending the hungry season: A review of AATG contibution to food security in The Gambia, Banjul.

(1996b) Meeting the food security challenge in Western Africa: Current regional initiatives and proposals for grassroots action, Banjul.

Johnsen, R.J
(1985) "To the ends of the world," in R.J. Johnsen (ed.) The future of Geography, London: Methuen.

(1986) "Four fixation and the quest for unityin Geography" in Transactions of the institute of British geographers, New series 11, pp. 449-53.

Kargbo, Alimami M.
(1983) An economic analysis of rice production systems and production organization of rice farmers in The Gambia, PhD thesis, Michigan State University, Ann Arbour.

Kates, Robert W. et al.
(1993) "Theory, evidence, study design," in B.L. Turner II et al. (eds.) Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa, (U.P. of Florida), Gainesville.

Kinteh, Sambou
(1988) "Evolution of rice policy in The Gambia and current policy problems" in Policy issues for rice development in The Gambia, (by IFPRI & PPMU), p. 1-6, Washington DC.

Klitgaard, Robert
(1994) Readjusting The Gambia's economy, Durban?

Koma, Baboucarr M.S.
(1996) The Gambia: Agricultural sector documents and reports, Banjul.

LADEP
(1994) Initial environmental evaluation (IEE): Final report, Banjul.

Lawry, S.W.
(1994) "Structural adjustment and natural resources in sub-saharian Africa: The role of tenure reforms", in Society and Natural Resources, vol 7, no. 4, p. 383-87.

Laweson, J.E.
(1990) "Sahelian woody vegetation in Senegal", in Vegatatio, vol. 86-2, p. 161-74.

Leek, Rodney T.
(1987) "All is not well: Land use and environmental change in Niani district, The Gambia," (unpublished thesis), Dept. of Geography, University of Oslo.

Lele, U. & Stone, S. W.
(1989) Population pressure, The environment and agricultural intensification: Variations on the Boserup hypothesis. Managing agricultural development in Africa, discussion paper 4. The World Bank, Washington DC.

Lemarchand, Rene
(1988) "The state, the paralell economy, and the changing structure of patronage systems," in Rothchild, D. and Chazan, N. (eds.) The precarious balance: State and society in Africa, Boulder and London.

Lipton, M.
(1968) "The theory of the optimizing peasant" in J.Dev. Stud. pp.327-351

(1987) "Limits of price policy for agriculture: which way for World Bank" in Development Policy Review vol.5, no. 2

Maaleku, B.K.
(1993a) Junior school certificate agricultural science. Volume 1, Banjul.

(1993b) Junior school certificate agricultural science. Volume 2, Banjul.

Mabogunje, Akin L.
(198?) "Geography as a bridge between natural and social sciences," in Nature and Resources vol xx, no. 2, pp.2-6

MANR
(1995a) Small-scale-water controll programme: A socio economic assessment of North Bank of Maccarty Island Division, Banjul.

Massey, Doreen
(1984) "Introduction: Geography matters," in D. Massey & J. Allen (eds.) Geography matters! A reader, Cambridge U.P.

MEPID
(1981) Five year plan for economic and social development 1981/82-1985/86, Banjul.

Mitchell, Bruce
(1989) Geography and resource analysis, New York

MoA (Ministry of Agriculture, The Gambia)
(1993) The Gambia. Agriculture. Pupils book, London & Basingstoke.

Mortimore, Michael
(1989) Adapting to drought. Farmers, famines and desertification in West Africa, Cambridge U.P.

(1993b) "Population growth and land degradation," in Geojournal, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 15-21.

Mustapha, Abdul Raufu
(1992) "Structural adjustment and multiple modes of livelihood in Nigeria," in Gibbon, P. et al. (eds.), Authoritarism, democracy and adjustment, The politics of economic reform in Africa, Uddevalla

Mwangi-wa-Githinji & Perrings, Charles
(1993) "Social and economic sustainability in the use of biotic resources in subsaharan Africa," in Ambio, vol 22, no. 2-3, pp. 110-6.

Nagarajan, G,. Meyer, R.L. & Graham, D.H.
(1993) Commodity and financial flows through the fertilizer marketing channels, Banjul.

NPC
(1991) National population policy for socio-economic development, Banjul.

Nustad, Knut G.
(1997) "The ends of development: Comments on an Obituary," in Forum for Development studies, vol 1, pp. 155-166

Peters, J.B. & Schulte, E.E.
(1990?) Plant nutrient survey of The Gambia, (Dep. of Argeicultural Research, MoA), Gambia Agricultural Research Paper #5, Yundum.

Possner, J.L. & Jallow, T.
(1987?) A survey of groundnut and millet farming practices. Implications for agrnomic research, (Dep. of Argeicultural Research, MoA), Gambia Agricultural Research Paper #1, Yundum.(unpub.)

Rees, Judith
(1990) Natural Resources. Allocation, Economies and Policy, London & New York

Richards, Paul
(1983) "Farming systems and agrarian change in West Africa," in Progress in Human Geography, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-39.

Ridder, Ralph-M.
(1991) Land use intventory for The Gambia on the basis of Landsat-TM-Scenes including a comparision with previous investigations, diploma thesis, München.

SNPC
(1994) Population data bank, December 1993, Banjul.

Stokke, Kristian
(1988) "Development and the natural environment: The case of the Jahally-Pacharr Smallholder Project in The Gambia," (unpublished thesis), Dept. of Geography, University of Oslo.

SWMU & DAS
(1994) Situation and causes of land degradation in The Gambia. Review report, Banjul.

Taal, Housianou
(1989) "How farmers cope with risk and stress in rural Gambia," in IDS Bulletin vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 16-22.

Torrence, Everett B.
(1991) GARD Report #70. The 1990/91 farmer constraints analysis, Ann Arbour.

Trolldalen, Jon Martin
(1981) Brigding the future? A dam in Africa- The Brigde Barrange Project on The Gambia river, Oslo.

(1984) On the fringe. A systems approch to the evolution of the environment and agricultural production in the Gambia, West Africa 1948-1983, Oslo.

USAID
(1992) Program assistance approval document. Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) Program and Agricultural and Natural Resources (ANR) Support Project, Banjul.

USAID & OMVG
(1985) Terrestrial ecology and Gambia river basin development, Ann Arbour.

Webb, Patrick
(1988) "Impacts on division of labour and the role of women" in Policy issues for rice development in The Gambia, (by IFPRI & PPMU), p. 25-32, Washington DC.

(1989) Intrahousehold, decisionmaking and resource control: The effects of rice commercialization in West Africa, (Working papers on commercialization of agriculture and nutrition, no. 3), publ. by International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C.

(1991) "When projects collapse: irrigation failure in the Gambia from a household perspective", in Journal of International Development, no. 3-4, p.339-53.

Weil, Peter Maurice
(1984) "Slavery, groundnuts, and European capitalism in the Wuli kingdom of Senegambia, 1820-1930," in Research in Economic Anthropology, vol. 6, p. 77-119.

(1986) Agricultural intensification and fertility in The Gambia (West Africa), in Culture and reproduction: An anthropological critique of demographic transition theory, (ed. W.P. Handwerker), p. 294-320, Boulder, Colorado.

Willis, Robert M.
(1996) An overview of The Gambian agriculture field crops sector; contraints and potentially promissing technologies, Banjul.(unpub.)

Wolpert, J
(1964) "The decision process in spatial context", in Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol 54 pp. 537-558.

Woodward, D.J., Hughes, D.R. & Poschelle, G.
(1988) Study of privatization of The Gambia Produce Marketing Board, Banjul.

Young, T. & Burton, M.P.
(1992) Agricultural Sustainability: Definition and implications for agricultural and trade policy, (Economic and Social Development Paper 110, FAO), Rome.

ABBREVIATIONS

CFTFR - Commonwealth Fund for Technical Assistance, Food Production and Rural Development
(Commonwealth Secretariat)
CILSS - Permanent Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel
CSD - Central Statistics Department (Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs)
DAS - Department of Agricultural Services
DoP - Department of Planning (Ministry of Agriculture)
DPP - Department of Physical Planning (Ministry for Local Government and Lands)
DWR - Department of Water Resources (Ministry of Natural/Water Resources and the Environment)
FERAP - Regional Project for the free Flow of Trade and Agrofood Policy Harmonization
GGEMP - Gambia German Environmental Management Project
IFAD - The International Fund for Agriculture Development
IFPRI - International Food Policy Research Institute
LADEP - Lowlands Agricultural Development Programme
MANR - Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, The Gambia
MEPID - Ministry of Economic Planning and Industrial Development
MNRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment
MoA - Ministry of Agriculture, The Gambia
NPC - National Population Commission (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Employment)
OMVG - Gambia River Basin Development Organisation
PPMU - Planning, programming and monitoring unit (Ministry of Agriculture)
SNPC - Secritariat of the National Population Commission (Office of The President)
SWMU - Soil and Water Management Unit (Ministry of Agriculture)
USAID - U.S. Agency for International Development